> ## Documentation Index > Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.uplift.ai/llms.txt > Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further. # Golf: Swing > Data-driven golf swing analysis that reveals the posture, timing, and sequencing faults holding back consistency and power, so golfers and coaches know exactly what to work on. Example image of a golf swing A repeatable swing is what separates consistent ball-striking from a round full of surprises. Uplift breaks the swing down frame-by-frame using the [P Classification System](https://www.thediygolfer.com/swing-positions), tracking how the pelvis, trunk, and arms sequence power from Address through Finish. Surfacing faults like sway, early extension, or a reverse spine angle turns a vague "something feels off" into specific, coachable fixes. Quantifying tempo and rotational power over time can track subtle and long-term changes in efficiency and consistency. ## Dimensions Required Inputs for processing: * **handedness:** the handedness of the athlete \['left', 'right'] ## Variables Output variables from golf swing analysis. ### Generic Outputs Every capture includes session metadata, standard joint angle/velocity time series, and 3D keypoint positions common to all movements. See [Generic Outputs](/biomechanics/generic-outputs) for the full list. ### Events Identify specific time points during the swing, anchored to the P Classification System used by golf instructors worldwide (P1 Address through P10 Finish), plus supporting events used to detect them. | Event | Short Description | Column Name | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | | [P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p1-address) | Static setup position immediately before the swing begins. | `p1_address_frame` | | [P2 Takeaway](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p2-takeaway) | Start of the swing; trunk has rotated more than 20° from Address. | `p2_takeaway_frame` | | [P3 Mid Backswing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p3-mid-backswing) | Hands rise above the elbows on the way to the top of the backswing. | `p3_mid_backswing_frame` | | [P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p4-top-of-swing) | Highest hand position of the backswing, just before the downswing transition. | `p4_top_of_swing_frame` | | [P5 Transition](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p5-transition) | Swing changes direction from backswing to downswing. | `p5_transition_frame` | | [P6 Pre-Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p6-pre-impact) | Moment just before impact; lead wrist closest to the trail hip. | `p6_pre_impact_frame` | | [P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p7-impact) | The moment of ball contact — "the moment of truth." | `p7_impact_frame` | | [P8 Release](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p8-release) | Moment just after impact; continued rotation through the shot. | `p8_release_frame` | | [P9 Follow Through](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p9-follow-through) | Hands rise back above the elbows after impact. | `p9_follow_through_frame` | | [P10 Finish](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/p10-finish) | Final, balanced finish position of the swing. | `p10_finish_frame` | | [Max X-Factor](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/max-x-factor) | Frame of maximum hip-shoulder separation during the swing. | `max_x_factor_frame` | | [X-Factor Zero Crossing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/x-factor-zero-crossing) | Hip-shoulder separation returns to zero after its steepest rise. | `x_factor_zero_crossing_frame` | | [Min X-Factor](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/min-x-factor) | Frame of minimum hip-shoulder separation, used to bound Low Hands. | \`\` | | [Low Hands](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/low-hands) | Lowest hand position during the downswing. | \`\` | | [Peak Pelvis Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/peak-pelvis-angular-velocity) | Instant of pelvis peak rotational velocity. | `peak_pelvis_angular_velocity_frame` | | [Peak Trunk Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/peak-trunk-angular-velocity) | Instant of trunk peak rotational velocity. | `peak_trunk_angular_velocity_frame` | | [Peak Arm Angular Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/events/peak-arm-angular-velocity) | Instant of lead arm peak rotational velocity. | `peak_arm_angular_velocity_frame` | ### Movement Flags Identify poor or suboptimal mechanics and posture faults during the swing. | Metric | Short Description | Column Name | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------- | | [Loss of Posture](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/loss-of-posture) | Mid-shoulder or mid-pelvis position shifts more than 10 cm from Address. | `loss_of_posture` | | [Early Extension](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/early-extension) | Pelvis moves toward the ball by more than 10 cm during the swing. | `early_extension` | | [Reverse Spine Angle](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/reverse-spine-angle) | Mid-shoulder moves in front of mid-pelvis by more than 5 cm during the backswing. | `reverse_spine_angle` | | [Sway](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/sway) | Pelvis shifts laterally away from the target by more than 10 cm. | `sway` | | [Chicken Wing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/chicken-wing) | Lead elbow bends more than 20° at impact. | `chicken_wing` | | [Hang Back](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/hang-back) | Pelvis stays more than 5 cm behind its Address position at Impact. | `hang_back` | | [Slide](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/flags/slide) | Lead knee or hip shifts more than 5 cm toward the target during the downswing. | `slide` | ### Kinematic Sequence Order and magnitude of pelvis, trunk, and lead-arm peak rotational velocity during the downswing. | Metric | Units | Short Description | Column Name | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | [Kinematic Sequence](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/kinematic-sequence) | N/A | Order of peak segment angular velocities. Optimal sequence is pelvis-trunk-arm. | `kinematic_sequence` | | [Peak Pelvis Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/peak-pelvis-velocity) | deg/s | Max rotational speed of the pelvis during the downswing. | `peak_pelvis_angular_velocity` | | [Peak Trunk Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/peak-trunk-velocity) | deg/s | Max rotational speed of the trunk during the downswing. | `peak_trunk_angular_velocity` | | [Peak Arm Velocity](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/peak-arm-velocity) | deg/s | Max rotational speed of the lead arm during the downswing. | `peak_arm_angular_velocity` | ### X-Factor & Timing Hip-shoulder separation and swing timing metrics. | Metric | Units | Short Description | Column Name | | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ----- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | | [Pre-Load Max X-Factor](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/pre-load-max-x-factor) | deg | Max hip-shoulder separation between Address and Impact. | `pre_load_max_x_factor` | | [Follow-Through Max X-Factor](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/follow-through-max-x-factor) | deg | Max hip-shoulder separation between Impact and Finish. | `follow_through_max_x_factor` | | [Upswing Duration](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/upswing-duration) | s | Duration from Takeaway to Top of Swing. | `upswing_duration` | | [Downswing Duration](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/downswing-duration) | s | Duration from Top of Swing to Impact. | `downswing_duration` | | [Dynamic Tempo Ratio](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/dynamic-tempo-ratio) | ratio | Ratio of downswing duration to upswing duration. | `dynamic_tempo_ratio` | | [Pelvis Sway Range](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/pelvis-sway-range) | m | Range of lateral pelvis displacement between Address and Impact. | `pelvis_sway_range` | ### Shoulder Angles at Key Events Lead and trail shoulder flexion and tilt relative to the trunk, sampled at Address, Top of Swing, and Impact. | Metric | Units | Short Description | Column Name | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | [Lead Shoulder Flexion at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-flexion-at-p1-address) | deg | Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address. | `lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p1` | | [Lead Shoulder Flexion at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-flexion-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing. | `lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p4` | | [Lead Shoulder Flexion at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-flexion-at-p7-impact) | deg | Lead shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact. | `lead_shoulder_flexion_at_p7` | | [Lead Shoulder Tilt at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-tilt-at-p1-address) | deg | Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address. | `lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p1` | | [Lead Shoulder Tilt at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-tilt-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing. | `lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p4` | | [Lead Shoulder Tilt at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/lead-shoulder-tilt-at-p7-impact) | deg | Lead shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact. | `lead_shoulder_tilt_at_p7` | | [Trail Shoulder Flexion at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-flexion-at-p1-address) | deg | Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address. | `trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p1` | | [Trail Shoulder Flexion at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-flexion-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing. | `trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p4` | | [Trail Shoulder Flexion at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-flexion-at-p7-impact) | deg | Trail shoulder flexion angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact. | `trail_shoulder_flexion_at_p7` | | [Trail Shoulder Tilt at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-tilt-at-p1-address) | deg | Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P1 Address. | `trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p1` | | [Trail Shoulder Tilt at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-tilt-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P4 Top of Swing. | `trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p4` | | [Trail Shoulder Tilt at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/trail-shoulder-tilt-at-p7-impact) | deg | Trail shoulder tilt angle relative to the trunk at P7 Impact. | `trail_shoulder_tilt_at_p7` | ### Global Trunk & Pelvis Angles at Key Events Trunk and pelvis flexion, tilt, and rotation relative to the global (ground) reference frame, sampled at Address, Top of Swing, and Impact. | Metric | Units | Short Description | Column Name | | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | [Global Trunk Flexion at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-flexion-at-p1-address) | deg | Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address. | `global_trunk_flexion_at_p1` | | [Global Trunk Tilt at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-tilt-at-p1-address) | deg | Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address. | `global_trunk_tilt_at_p1` | | [Global Pelvis Tilt at P1 Address](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-pelvis-tilt-at-p1-address) | deg | Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P1 Address. | `global_pelvis_tilt_at_p1` | | [Global Trunk Flexion at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-flexion-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing. | `global_trunk_flexion_at_p4` | | [Global Trunk Tilt at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-tilt-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing. | `global_trunk_tilt_at_p4` | | [Global Trunk Rotation at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-rotation-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Trunk rotation angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing. | `global_trunk_rotation_at_p4` | | [Global Pelvis Tilt at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-pelvis-tilt-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing. | `global_pelvis_tilt_at_p4` | | [Global Pelvis Rotation at P4 Top of Swing](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-pelvis-rotation-at-p4-top-of-swing) | deg | Pelvis rotation angle relative to the global frame at P4 Top of Swing. | `global_pelvis_rotation_at_p4` | | [Global Trunk Flexion at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-flexion-at-p7-impact) | deg | Trunk flexion angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact. | `global_trunk_flexion_at_p7` | | [Global Trunk Tilt at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-tilt-at-p7-impact) | deg | Trunk tilt angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact. | `global_trunk_tilt_at_p7` | | [Global Trunk Rotation at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-trunk-rotation-at-p7-impact) | deg | Trunk rotation angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact. | `global_trunk_rotation_at_p7` | | [Global Pelvis Tilt at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-pelvis-tilt-at-p7-impact) | deg | Pelvis tilt angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact. | `global_pelvis_tilt_at_p7` | | [Global Pelvis Rotation at P7 Impact](/biomechanics/activities/golf/swing/metrics/global-pelvis-rotation-at-p7-impact) | deg | Pelvis rotation angle relative to the global frame at P7 Impact. | `global_pelvis_rotation_at_p7` | ## Notes * Kinematic data typically captured at 240Hz for Golf Swing * All boolean variables (true/false = 1/0) return -1 if metric unable to be calculated.